commit 2ba2d0043c85d9e92bafdf189bb34f35a922b782 parent 62fd713e7398446854575c215af62e07ea7f0e94 Author: Alex Balgavy <alex@balgavy.eu> Date: Mon, 12 Oct 2020 22:46:25 +0200 History of Science notes Diffstat:
21 files changed, 535 insertions(+), 173 deletions(-)
diff --git a/content/_index.md b/content/_index.md @@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ title = "Alex's university course notes" * [Logic & sets](https://thezeroalpha.github.io/logicsets-notes) * [Web tech](https://thezeroalpha.github.io/webtech-notes) * [Computer Networks](compnet-notes/) -* [History of Science](https://thezeroalpha.github.io/history-science-notes) +* [History of Science](history-science-notes/) * [Networks & graphs](https://thezeroalpha.github.io/networksgraphs-notes) diff --git a/content/history-science-notes/.gitignore b/content/history-science-notes/.gitignore @@ -1,48 +0,0 @@ - -# Created by https://www.gitignore.io/api/macos,git -# Edit at https://www.gitignore.io/?templates=macos,git - -### Git ### -# Created by git for backups. 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"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> -<html><head><link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/><meta name="exporter-version" content="Evernote Mac 7.9 (457563)"/><meta name="altitude" content="-1.064111948013306"/><meta name="author" content="Alex Balgavy"/><meta name="created" content="2018-05-30 21:32:09 +0000"/><meta name="latitude" content="52.37359783665193"/><meta name="longitude" content="4.836335398104254"/><meta name="source" content="desktop.mac"/><meta name="updated" content="2018-05-30 22:08:03 +0000"/><title>Key concepts summary</title></head><body><div>Prehistory:</div><ul><li><div>Babbage, Fayol & Taylor</div></li><li><div>Trust</div></li><li><div>Three traditions — administration, process control, science</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>Cold War feel:</div><ul><li><div>US — gains from WW2 Manhattan project, ENIAC, NASA, Atomic power</div></li><li><div>EU — fatalism & optimism, rebuilding, Mathematisch Centrum (research center), Freudenthal “Rekenmachines"</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>Dinosaurs:</div><ul><li><div>US — Manchester Baby, EDSAC</div></li><li><div>EU — scientific, ARRA series and X1, PETER (overall Amsterdam, Delft, Eindhoven)</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>Golden Age of Sci-Fi:</div><ul><li><div>advertising computers to people</div></li><li><div>themes of totalitarianism, nationalism, surveillance, censorship</div></li><li><div>literature — Asimov, Huxley, Orwell, Heinlein, Clarke, Dick</div></li><li><div>films — Metropolis, Desk Set, Forbidden Planet</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>Computing sounds:</div><ul><li><div>relays leading to sounds for debugging</div></li><li><div>Strachey & EDSAC - God Save The Queen</div></li><li><div>creating music with computers</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>Language changes, metaphor:</div><ul><li><div>language — “programming”, “plugging”, “memory"</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>IBM “Big Blue” vs everyone:</div><ul><li><div>Seven Dwarves in US: Burroughs, Honeywell, Control Data Corporation, General Electric<br/></div></li></ul><ul><li><div>European Dwarves: Zuse (GER), Electrologica (NL), Regnecentralen (Denmark)</div></li><li><div>sales tactic of FUD, IBM had more resources</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>Real time computing:</div><ul><li><div>Whirlwind/SAGE — flight simulator by Jay Forrester, then IBM and Burroughs, eventually used for regulating plane traffic</div></li><li><div>cashless society ideal — Barclays cash dispenser, credit cards, ‘universal’ product code (US vs Europe)</div></li><li><div>decimal day — Barclays & Burroughs (not IBM cuz not British), build B8500 connecting to TC500, sold before built, lots of problems and eventually IBM</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>Programming:</div><ul><li><div>ALGOL60 vs FORTRAN vs COBOL</div></li><li><div>programming becoming a job</div></li><li><div>software becoming economic commodity</div></li><li><div>1968 IBM Unbundling, result of software crisis (or was there one?)</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>Silicon Valley:</div><ul><li><div>time sharing facilities, democratic movement, developments in hardware (wristwatches)</div></li><li><div>Whole Earth Catalog, 2001</div></li><li><div>Ted Nelson’s Computer Lib (“understand computers now”)</div></li><li><div>people started wanting computers</div></li><li><div>Homebrew Computer Club</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>EU valleys:</div><ul><li><div>no interest from youth Hippies, too forced</div></li><li><div>Twente polytechnic (Enschede) tried</div></li><li><div>utopian city planning</div></li><li><div>Hobby Computer Club</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>Appropriation:</div><ul><li><div>VisiCalc, Teleac, SSAA</div></li><li><div>Squatter movement, Chaos Computer Club (activism, political statement)</div></li><li><div>computers in education — educating large amount, making them think, flowcharts, Ecole/BASIC, programmed instruction</div></li><li><div>EU demoscenes — magazines, underground journalism, stories, pictures</div></li><li><div>personal computers, support from governments in EU, de digitale stad</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>Rise of internet:</div><ul><li><div>confluence of 3 desires — good networking technology, unifying all computers on network, making knowledge available</div></li><li><div>US company networks (AOL, CompuServe), EU government networks (minitel, viditel), email</div></li><li><div>gaming — pacman turned it into a business</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>Rise of academic disciplines:</div><ul><li><div>Administration => IMM, Process Control => LI, Science => CS</div></li><li><div>EU vs US</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>Paradigm shifts:</div><ul><li><div>content to service-oriented</div></li><li><div>local to ‘global'</div></li><li><div>pc as a tool => pc as gateway to internet (knowledge)</div></li><li><div>therefore, info to knowledge society</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>Digital culture</div><ul><li><div>Esther Dyson & “Release”, her observations on digital culture</div></li><li><div>online library catalogues, desktop publishing, art, online meetings</div></li><li><div>motion graphics in movies, changing everything</div></li><li><div>eventually developed into risk society, big data, privacy (Project X), controlling what goes wrong</div></li><li><div>Saskia Stuiveling — focused on openness, president o fDutch Court of audit</div></li></ul><div><br/></div></body></html>- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/history-science-notes/Key concepts summary.md b/content/history-science-notes/Key concepts summary.md @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ ++++ +title = "Key concepts summary" ++++ +# Key concepts summary + +Prehistory: + +- Babbage, Fayol & Taylor +- Trust +- Three traditions — administration, process control, science + +Cold War feel: + +- US — gains from WW2 Manhattan project, ENIAC, NASA, Atomic power +- EU — fatalism & optimism, rebuilding, Mathematisch Centrum (research center), Freudenthal “Rekenmachines" + +Dinosaurs: + +- US — Manchester Baby, EDSAC +- EU — scientific, ARRA series and X1, PETER (overall Amsterdam, Delft, Eindhoven) + +Golden Age of Sci-Fi: + +- advertising computers to people +- themes of totalitarianism, nationalism, surveillance, censorship +- literature — Asimov, Huxley, Orwell, Heinlein, Clarke, Dick +- films — Metropolis, Desk Set, Forbidden Planet + +Computing sounds: + +- relays leading to sounds for debugging +- Strachey & EDSAC - God Save The Queen +- creating music with computers + +Language changes, metaphor: + +- language — “programming”, “plugging”, “memory" + +IBM “Big Blue” vs everyone: + +- Seven Dwarves in US: Burroughs, Honeywell, Control Data Corporation, General Electric +- European Dwarves: Zuse (GER), Electrologica (NL), Regnecentralen (Denmark) +- sales tactic of FUD, IBM had more resources + +Real time computing: + +- Whirlwind/SAGE — flight simulator by Jay Forrester, then IBM and Burroughs, eventually used for regulating plane traffic +- cashless society ideal — Barclays cash dispenser, credit cards, ‘universal’ product code (US vs Europe) +- decimal day — Barclays & Burroughs (not IBM cuz not British), build B8500 connecting to TC500, sold before built, lots of problems and eventually IBM + +Programming: + +- ALGOL60 vs FORTRAN vs COBOL +- programming becoming a job +- software becoming economic commodity +- 1968 IBM Unbundling, result of software crisis (or was there one?) + +Silicon Valley: + +- time sharing facilities, democratic movement, developments in hardware (wristwatches) +- Whole Earth Catalog, 2001 +- Ted Nelson’s Computer Lib (“understand computers now”) +- people started wanting computers +- Homebrew Computer Club + +EU valleys: + +- no interest from youth Hippies, too forced +- Twente polytechnic (Enschede) tried +- utopian city planning +- Hobby Computer Club + +Appropriation: + +- VisiCalc, Teleac, SSAA +- Squatter movement, Chaos Computer Club (activism, political statement) +- computers in education — educating large amount, making them think, flowcharts, Ecole/BASIC, programmed instruction +- EU demoscenes — magazines, underground journalism, stories, pictures +- personal computers, support from governments in EU, de digitale stad + +Rise of internet: + +- confluence of 3 desires — good networking technology, unifying all computers on network, making knowledge available +- US company networks (AOL, CompuServe), EU government networks (minitel, viditel), email +- gaming — pacman turned it into a business + +Rise of academic disciplines: + +- Administration => IMM, Process Control => LI, Science => CS +- EU vs US + +Paradigm shifts: + +- content to service-oriented +- local to ‘global' +- pc as a tool => pc as gateway to internet (knowledge) +- therefore, info to knowledge society + +Digital culture + +- Esther Dyson & “Release”, her observations on digital culture +- online library catalogues, desktop publishing, art, online meetings +- motion graphics in movies, changing everything +- eventually developed into risk society, big data, privacy (Project X), controlling what goes wrong +- Saskia Stuiveling — focused on openness, president o fDutch Court of audit+ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 1 - Prehistory of computing.md b/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 1 - Prehistory of computing.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ ++++ +title = "Lecture 1 - Prehistory of computing" ++++ +# Prehistory of computing + +Ideals made machines into a success + +- in the 18th century, machines were for entertainment + - autonomous piano player + - mechanical turk +- Charles Babbage (1791-1871) + - "On the economy of machines and manufacturers” + - son of a rich banker dude from London, mathematician + - good ideas, started working on Difference Engine & thought of Analytical Engine + - never actually produced a machine, so the government basically told him to piss off and stopped giving him money +- Frederik Taylor (1856-1915) + - "Shop management", "The principles of scientific management" + - tried to systematically describe what systems do and how, using flowcharts to solve problems +- Henri Fayol (1841-1925) + - “Administration industrielle et generale" + +- Trust in numbers & machines + - initially, trust in machines was not obvious + - they were built to fool or destroy you + - trust grew during the 19th century + - US census in 1890 — government counted people, and Hollerith machines were used to count and produce a table +- Three traditions + - Administration — **money**, (felt) urgency, outlines, practices + - table making, printing, punched card typing, calculators, typewriters + - Sorting, counting, and tabulating machines + - The office in 1876 vs Office in 1920 + - Efficiency movement + - Process control — outlines, technology (analog), practices + - processes in mining & oil companies + - Shell with their huge factories, Hoogovens + - Edison or DSM + - Science and engineering — concepts, calculations, outlines + - human computers active in weather prediction calc, mechanical calc, aeronautics, econometry, telephones, military applications + - Douglas Hartree: "Numerical analysis" + - Differential analyser — making calculations easier + - all three were concerned with outlines — plans for how the current systems and processes could be improved +- this set the pre-war scene for development during the war — e.g. Colossus in Poland +- people wanted to build cross-tradition machines, but why? it would be too expensive…so they didn't+ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 1.html b/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 1.html @@ -1,3 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> -<html><head><link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/><meta name="exporter-version" content="Evernote Mac 7.9 (457563)"/><meta name="altitude" content="-1.017717242240906"/><meta name="author" content="Alex Balgavy"/><meta name="created" content="2018-04-13 10:27:24 +0000"/><meta name="latitude" content="52.37361054567599"/><meta name="longitude" content="4.836365138715647"/><meta name="source" content="desktop.mac"/><meta name="updated" content="2018-05-30 14:39:41 +0000"/><title>Lecture 1 - Prehistory of computing</title></head><body><div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Prehistory of computing</span></div><div>Ideals made machines into a success</div><ul><li><div>in the 18th century, machines were for entertainment</div></li></ul><ul><ul><li><div>autonomous piano player</div></li><li><div>mechanical turk</div></li></ul><li><div>Charles Babbage (1791-1871)</div></li><ul><li><div>"On the economy of machines and manufacturers”</div></li><li><div>son of a rich banker dude from London, mathematician</div></li><li><div>good ideas, started working on Difference Engine & thought of Analytical Engine</div></li><li><div> never actually produced a machine, so the government basically told him to piss off and stopped giving him money</div></li></ul><li><div>Frederik Taylor (1856-1915)</div></li><ul><li><div>"Shop management", "The principles of scientific management"</div></li><li><div>tried to systematically describe what systems do and how, using flowcharts to solve problems</div></li></ul><li><div>Henri Fayol (1841-1925)</div></li><ul><li><div>“Administration industrielle et generale"</div></li><li><div><br/></div></li></ul></ul><ul><li><div>Trust in numbers & machines</div></li><ul><li><div>initially, trust in machines was not obvious</div></li><li><div>they were built to fool or destroy you</div></li><li><div>trust grew during the 19th century</div></li><li><div>US census in 1890 — government counted people, and Hollerith machines were used to count and produce a table</div></li></ul></ul><ul><li><div>Three traditions</div></li><ul><li><div>Administration — <span style="font-weight: bold;">money</span>, (felt) urgency, outlines, practices</div></li><ul><li><div>table making, printing, punched card typing, calculators, typewriters</div></li><li><div>Sorting, counting, and tabulating machines</div></li><li><div>The office in 1876 vs Office in 1920</div></li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li><div>Efficiency movement</div></li></ul><li><div>Process control — outlines, technology (analog), practices</div></li><ul><li><div>processes in mining & oil companies</div></li><li><div>Shell with their huge factories, Hoogovens</div></li><li><div>Edison or DSM</div></li></ul><li><div>Science and engineering — concepts, calculations, outlines</div></li><ul><li><div>human computers active in weather prediction calc, mechanical calc, aeronautics, econometry, telephones, military applications</div></li><li><div>Douglas Hartree: "Numerical analysis"</div></li><li><div>Differential analyser — making calculations easier</div></li></ul><li><div>all three were concerned with outlines — plans for how the current systems and processes could be improved</div></li></ul><li><div>this set the pre-war scene for development during the war — e.g. Colossus in Poland</div></li><li><div>people wanted to build cross-tradition machines, but why? it would be too expensive…so they didn't</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div><br/></div><div><br/></div></body></html>- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 2.html b/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 2.html @@ -1,3 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> -<html><head><link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/><meta name="exporter-version" content="Evernote Mac 7.9 (457563)"/><meta name="altitude" content="-0.9342213273048401"/><meta name="author" content="Alex Balgavy"/><meta name="created" content="2018-04-13 11:13:42 +0000"/><meta name="latitude" content="52.37361799068014"/><meta name="longitude" content="4.836345760416044"/><meta name="source" content="desktop.mac"/><meta name="updated" content="2018-05-30 15:28:40 +0000"/><title>Lecture 2</title></head><body><div>After WW2, people started putting faith in machines that didn’t work, and they made them work.</div><div>The need for scientific calculations exploded.</div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Cold war science</span></div><div>In the US:</div><ul><li><div>During WW2, Manhattan project was successful in new nuclear/medical applications that could develop further after the war</div></li><li><div>worldwide computer power dick measuring contest — who has the bigger, more powerful computer?</div></li><ul><li><div>Vannevar Bush was aware and started with the ENIAC during the war, but it wasn’t done till like 1945</div></li></ul><li><div>hand-in-hand with space race — NASA</div></li><li><div>another measuring contest — Atomic power</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>Continental EU:</div><ul><li><div>mood was a mix of fatalism and optimism, scientists felt like science could offer a lot</div></li><ul><li><div>in late 1940s — rebuilding the nation and economy (Marshall plan)</div></li><li><div>Mathematisch Centrum (1946) would help to rebuild the Netherlands</div></li></ul><li><div>people started realising that computers really <span style="font-style: italic;">are </span>important</div></li><ul><li><div>Hans Freudenthal — "Rekenmachines winnen den oorlog”</div></li><li><div>JJSS — “Le Defi Americain” (The American Challenge)</div></li><li><div>needed for stuff like aeronautical calculations, code breaking (Bletchley Park), radar</div></li></ul></ul><div><br/></div><div>Dinosaurs (some of the first computers)</div><ul><li><div>US</div></li><ul><li><div>“Manchester Baby” in Manchester, 1948</div></li><li><div>“EDSAC” in Cambridge, 1949, Maurice Wilkes</div></li></ul><li><div>EU</div></li><ul><li><div>in the EU, none of the computer innovations originated in the administrative tradition, it was all scientific</div></li><li><div>Amsterdam</div></li><ul><li><div>mostly Mathematisch Centrum: Aad van Wijngaarden, Jan van der Corput</div></li><li><div>ARRA (1952), ARRA II (1954), ARMAC (1956), Electrologica X1</div></li></ul></ul><ul><li><div>Delft</div></li><ul><li><div>Willem van der Poel — built ARCO/Testudo</div></li><li><div>others were ZERO, PTERA, ZEBRA, STANTEC</div></li></ul><li><div>Eindhoven</div></li><ul><li><div>Wim Nijenhuis built PETER for acoustic measurement, to improve music industry</div></li><li><div>following were NATLAB, PASCAL, STEVIN</div></li></ul></ul><li><div>all of these used components like relays, vacuum tubes, etc. they were often unreliable, and had poorly soldered connections.</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>For the public — this was the Golden Age of Science Fiction!</div><ul><li><div>most people never actually saw a computer, yet were still putting money in</div></li><li><div>the ideas had to be sold to the public, otherwise they’d protest</div></li><li><div>Dystopian literature in Europe</div></li><li><div>themes were totalitarianism, nationalism, surveillance, censorship</div></li><li><div>Examples:</div></li><ul><li><div>Literature:</div></li><ul><li><div>Isaac Asimov — "I, Robot”, “Foundation”</div></li><li><div>Aldous Huxley — "Brave New World"</div></li><li><div>George Orwell — “1984" (this was huuuge and still is)</div></li><li><div>Robert Heinlein — "Starship Troopers", "Stranger in a Strange Land"</div></li><li><div>Arthur C. Clarke — “Interplanetary Flight”, “Childhood’s End”, “Rama”, “2001"</div></li><li><div>Philip K. Dick — “What makes us human?”</div></li></ul><li><div>Films:</div></li><ul><li><div>Metropolis</div></li><li><div>Desk Set (1957)</div></li><li><div>Forbidden Planet (1956)</div></li></ul></ul></ul><div><br/></div></body></html>- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 2.md b/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 2.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ ++++ +title = "Lecture 2" ++++ +# Lecture 2 + +After WW2, people started putting faith in machines that didn’t work, and they made them work. + +The need for scientific calculations exploded. + +## Cold war science +In the US: + +- During WW2, Manhattan project was successful in new nuclear/medical applications that could develop further after the war +- worldwide computer power dick measuring contest — who has the bigger, more powerful computer? + - Vannevar Bush was aware and started with the ENIAC during the war, but it wasn’t done till like 1945 +- hand-in-hand with space race — NASA +- another measuring contest — Atomic power + +Continental EU: + +- mood was a mix of fatalism and optimism, scientists felt like science could offer a lot + - in late 1940s — rebuilding the nation and economy (Marshall plan) + - Mathematisch Centrum (1946) would help to rebuild the Netherlands +- people started realising that computers really *are *important + - Hans Freudenthal — "Rekenmachines winnen den oorlog” + - JJSS — “Le Defi Americain” (The American Challenge) + - needed for stuff like aeronautical calculations, code breaking (Bletchley Park), radar + +Dinosaurs (some of the first computers) + +- US + - “Manchester Baby” in Manchester, 1948 + - “EDSAC” in Cambridge, 1949, Maurice Wilkes +- EU + - in the EU, none of the computer innovations originated in the administrative tradition, it was all scientific + - Amsterdam + - mostly Mathematisch Centrum: Aad van Wijngaarden, Jan van der Corput + - ARRA (1952), ARRA II (1954), ARMAC (1956), Electrologica X1 + - Delft + - Willem van der Poel — built ARCO/Testudo + - others were ZERO, PTERA, ZEBRA, STANTEC + - Eindhoven + - Wim Nijenhuis built PETER for acoustic measurement, to improve music industry + - following were NATLAB, PASCAL, STEVIN +- all of these used components like relays, vacuum tubes, etc. they were often unreliable, and had poorly soldered connections. + +For the public — this was the Golden Age of Science Fiction! + +- most people never actually saw a computer, yet were still putting money in +- the ideas had to be sold to the public, otherwise they’d protest +- Dystopian literature in Europe +- themes were totalitarianism, nationalism, surveillance, censorship +- Examples: + - Literature: + - Isaac Asimov — "I, Robot”, “Foundation” + - Aldous Huxley — "Brave New World" + - George Orwell — “1984" (this was huuuge and still is) + - Robert Heinlein — "Starship Troopers", "Stranger in a Strange Land" + - Arthur C. Clarke — “Interplanetary Flight”, “Childhood’s End”, “Rama”, “2001" (fantastic book and film, directed by Stanley Kubrick) + - Philip K. Dick — “What makes us human?” + - Films: + - Metropolis + - Desk Set (1957) + - Forbidden Planet (1956)+ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 3.html b/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 3.html @@ -1,3 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> -<html><head><link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/><meta name="exporter-version" content="Evernote Mac 7.9 (457563)"/><meta name="created" content="2018-04-16 12:52:22 +0000"/><meta name="source" content="desktop.mac"/><meta name="updated" content="2018-05-30 17:21:57 +0000"/><title>Lecture 3</title></head><body><div>programming was hard, programs were hard to change once written</div><div><br/></div><div>Computing sounds</div><ul><li><div>used for work purposes:</div></li><ul><li><div>old computers like ARRA were built with relays, so you could listen to its sounds to debug</div></li><li><div>sounds were used to announce termination, auditive monitoring, specific program navigation</div></li><li><div>ARRA II had transistors and was silent…so they added a speaker to still get those sounds</div></li></ul><li><div>but unorthodox purposes too:</div></li><ul><li><div>Strachey wrote code that could make EDSAC hum God Save The Queen</div></li><li><div>soon, computers were used to create music, like Jean Michel Jarre did</div></li></ul></ul><div><br/></div><div>Further appropriation was through simple games, like tic-tac-toe and nim</div><div><br/></div><div style="">The language and metaphors</div><ul><li><div>around 1955, computers started appearing in movies/TV</div></li><li><div>the language changed over time</div></li><li><div>new verbs like “program/programming”, “plugging”, “assembling”, “memory"</div></li><li><div>computers were appropriated, people started using old words for concepts related to technology</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-weight: bold;">IBM “Big Blue” vs everyone else</span></div><div>their tactic was FUD — you need to get this new thing rn</div><div><br/></div><div>IBM & the Seven Dwarves (US):</div><ul><li><div>Burroughs</div></li><li><div>Sperry Rand (formerly Remington Rand)</div></li><li><div>Control Data Corporation</div></li><li><div>Honeywell</div></li><li><div>General Electric</div></li><li><div>RCA</div></li><li><div>NCR</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>IBM & the European dwarves</div><ul><li><div>Odhner, St Petersburg (1873), which was cloned everywhere after 1917</div></li><li><div>Atvidaberg Industrie, Sweden, produced Facit. Went bankrupt in 1970 and sold to Electrolux</div></li><li><div>Zuse, Germany. Z4 in 1949, Siemens AG in 1967</div></li><li><div>Mailufterl, Vienna, Austria, 1955.</div></li><li><div>Bull, France, office machinery in 1930, then Gamma 3 (1952), multipurpose Gamma 60 (1958), GE (1962), Honeywell (1968). Had support from the French government.</div></li><li><div>Electrologica, NL. Electrologica in 1956, X1 in 1959, X8 in 1964, bankruptcy in 1966.</div></li><li><div>Regnecentralen, Denmark, 1955. ICL (Intl Computers Limited) in 1989, as merger of 3 companies. </div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>Why didn’t they succeed? Compared to IBM, they couldn’t sustain the resources. Also, each government wanted to make their own computer, because nationalism is a thing that exists. The money was there because of the Marshall Plan in the US.</div><div><br/></div></body></html>- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 3.md b/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 3.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ ++++ +title = "Lecture 3" ++++ +# Lecture 3 + +programming was hard, programs were hard to change once written + +Computing sounds + +- used for work purposes: + - old computers like ARRA were built with relays, so you could listen to its sounds to debug + - sounds were used to announce termination, auditive monitoring, specific program navigation + - ARRA II had transistors and was silent…so they added a speaker to still get those sounds +- but unorthodox purposes too: + - Strachey wrote code that could make EDSAC hum God Save The Queen + - soon, computers were used to create music, like Jean Michel Jarre did + +Further appropriation was through simple games, like tic-tac-toe and nim + +The language and metaphors + +- around 1955, computers started appearing in movies/TV +- the language changed over time +- new verbs like “program/programming”, “plugging”, “assembling”, “memory" +- computers were appropriated, people started using old words for concepts related to technology + +## IBM “Big Blue” vs everyone else +their tactic was FUD — you need to get this new thing rn + +IBM & the Seven Dwarves (US): + +- Burroughs +- Sperry Rand (formerly Remington Rand) +- Control Data Corporation +- Honeywell +- General Electric +- RCA +- NCR + +IBM & the European dwarves + +- Odhner, St Petersburg (1873), which was cloned everywhere after 1917 +- Atvidaberg Industrie, Sweden, produced Facit. Went bankrupt in 1970 and sold to Electrolux +- Zuse, Germany. Z4 in 1949, Siemens AG in 1967 +- Mailufterl, Vienna, Austria, 1955. +- Bull, France, office machinery in 1930, then Gamma 3 (1952), multipurpose Gamma 60 (1958), GE (1962), Honeywell (1968). Had support from the French government. +- Electrologica, NL. Electrologica in 1956, X1 in 1959, X8 in 1964, bankruptcy in 1966. +- Regnecentralen, Denmark, 1955. ICL (Intl Computers Limited) in 1989, as merger of 3 companies. + +Why didn’t they succeed? Compared to IBM, they couldn’t sustain the resources. Also, each government wanted to make their own computer, because nationalism is a thing that exists. The money was there because of the Marshall Plan in the US.+ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 4.html b/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 4.html @@ -1,3 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> -<html><head><link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/><meta name="exporter-version" content="Evernote Mac 7.9 (457563)"/><meta name="created" content="2018-04-25 07:05:05 +0000"/><meta name="source" content="desktop.mac"/><meta name="updated" content="2018-05-30 17:56:58 +0000"/><title>Lecture 4</title></head><body><div>People started playing with computers to appropriate them.</div><div>Appropriating — using it for something other than its purpose (e.g. sound)</div><div><br/></div><div>Real time computing:</div><ul><li><div>it was never an obvious thing</div></li><li><div>Whirlwind/SAGE</div></li><ul><li><div>project Whirlwind flight simulator (1944)</div></li><ul><li><div>for Jay Forrester from MIT</div></li><li><div>wanted for military training, as universal flight trainer</div></li><li><div>it didn’t work out, took too long</div></li></ul><li><div>SAGE for the same thing</div></li><ul><li><div>IBM, Burroughs, Bell labs</div></li><li><div>learning about core memories, printed circuits, mass storage, programming</div></li><li><div>operaional in 1963, cost $8b</div></li><li><div>but by that time ICBMs were operational</div></li><li><div>at the end was useful for regulating plane traffic, due to cameras</div></li></ul></ul><li><div>others: Hewlett SABRE, ATM, UPC</div></li><li><div> general ideal of “cashless society” (like Diners club)</div></li><ul><li><div>Barclays cash dispenser in London 1967 — robot cashier</div></li><li><div>credit card system, ATM and VISA</div></li><li><div>universal product code (1973) — barcode</div></li><ul><li><div>this was in the US</div></li><li><div>of course Europe had to make their own, Intl. Product Code (CIPC) in 1974</div></li></ul></ul><li><div>Barclays & Burroughs for Decimal Day (Feb 15, 1971)</div></li><ul><li><div>could’ve been IBM, but Burroughs was more British</div></li><li><div>building a B8500 to connect to TC500 terminals</div></li><li><div>took forever, but they managed to sell a nonexistent computer for like 4 million.</div></li><li><div>lots of problems. they were late with delivery, the Burroughs B8500 programmer left...</div></li><li><div>in the end, Barclays went with IBM</div></li></ul></ul><div><br/></div><div>Agendas:</div><ul><li><div>selling machines — for IBM and Burroughs</div></li><li><div>academic discipline — Dijkstra wanted it mathematical. cybernetics, logic, sharing, calc.</div></li><li><div>thinking machines</div></li><li><div>programming: first wires/tapes/punch cards, then FORTRAN/COBOL</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>Programming:</div><ul><li><div>language ALGOL60</div></li><ul><li><div>elegant, universal, satisfies European sense of clarity & order</div></li><li><div>but from US point of view, it was too academic, inflexible, and hard to learn. better in theory than in practice. but this was mostly ‘regular’ people in user groups, academics liked it.</div></li><li><div>two issues: make old programs run on new machines, ease of programming</div></li><li><div>multiple working groups: IEEE, SHARE, ...</div></li><li><div>SHARE & IBM decided not to go with it. IFIR did.</div></li><li><div>ACM set it as standard for publication of scientific algorithms</div></li></ul><li><div>FORTRAN</div></li><ul><li><div>John Backus, researcher from IBM, produced Formula Translator (FORTRAN) in 1953-1954</div></li><li><div>one statement would produce many machine instructions, giving programmer more power and making shit easier</div></li><li><div>his main point was economic. half of cost of running computer center was salaries for programmers, and "programmign and debugging accounted for as much as three-quarters of the cost of operating a computer”</div></li><li><div>this is why IBM gave him support for developing FORTRAN for the new model 704</div></li><li><div>main aim was efficiency, elegance of language came second.</div></li><li><div>used mathematical formula syntax</div></li><li><div>trying to make a system that could write programs as well as human programmers could</div></li><li><div>it soon became the most widely used programming language, a ‘standard’ for scientific applications</div></li><li><div>it spread organically, “by accident”, and universities and colleges eagerly started teaching and using it</div></li></ul><li><div>COBOL</div></li><ul><li><div>Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL) was created as standard by US government.</div></li><li><div>every time the government changed their computers, all programs had to be rewritten, which was expensive and took up time.</div></li><li><div>in 1959, the government sponsored Committee on Data Systems and Languages (CODASYL) to create a new standard language for data processing</div></li><li><div>syntax was very similar to english, so non-programmers (managers, administrators) could still feel like they can understand the programs</div></li><li><div>manufacturers didn’t want to accept it because they liked to be different from others. but then the government decided that it would not lease or buy any new computers without COBOL compilers unless the companies could prove it was useless, and of course nobody did, so everybody started adding COBOL compilers</div></li><li><div>COBOL was taught on blackboards</div></li></ul><li><div>companies started providing computer services at start of 60s: maintenance, building/tuning, batch processing</div></li><li><div>programming started becoming a job, not just spare time hobby</div></li><li><div>software started becoming an economic commodity</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Rise of software industry</span></div><div>in the 60s, a company couldn’t sustain itself just with software, they also needed maintenance, batch processing, building</div><div>1968 IBM “Unbundling” — software became separate from hardware</div><div><br/></div><div>Software crisis as a result:</div><ul><li><div>IBM/360 was late af, adding programmers simply couldn’t scale it up</div></li><li><div>“Hardware developed faster than software developers” is an EU/US agenda, academic, theoretical.</div></li><li><div>“Nobody knew ho to write proper code” (important in NL, Dijkstra tried to solve this)</div></li><li><div>there is also the “there wasn’t a crisis” POV</div></li><li><div>agenda was set by academics</div></li><li><div>programmer became a profession, informatics a science</div></li></ul><div/><div><br/></div><div><br/></div></body></html>- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 4.md b/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 4.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ ++++ +title = "Lecture 4" ++++ +# Lecture 4 + +People started playing with computers to appropriate them. + +Appropriating — using it for something other than its purpose (e.g. sound) + +Real time computing: + +- it was never an obvious thing +- Whirlwind/SAGE + - project Whirlwind flight simulator (1944) + - for Jay Forrester from MIT + - wanted for military training, as universal flight trainer + - it didn’t work out, took too long + - SAGE for the same thing + - IBM, Burroughs, Bell labs + - learning about core memories, printed circuits, mass storage, programming + - operaional in 1963, cost $8b + - but by that time ICBMs were operational + - at the end was useful for regulating plane traffic, due to cameras +- others: Hewlett SABRE, ATM, UPC +- general ideal of “cashless society” (like Diners club) + - Barclays cash dispenser in London 1967 — robot cashier + - credit card system, ATM and VISA + - universal product code (1973) — barcode + - this was in the US + - of course Europe had to make their own, Intl. Product Code (CIPC) in 1974 +- Barclays & Burroughs for Decimal Day (Feb 15, 1971) + - could’ve been IBM, but Burroughs was more British + - building a B8500 to connect to TC500 terminals + - took forever, but they managed to sell a nonexistent computer for like 4 million. + - lots of problems. they were late with delivery, the Burroughs B8500 programmer left... + - in the end, Barclays went with IBM + +Agendas: + +- selling machines — for IBM and Burroughs +- academic discipline — Dijkstra wanted it mathematical. cybernetics, logic, sharing, calc. +- thinking machines +- programming: first wires/tapes/punch cards, then FORTRAN/COBOL + +Programming: + +- language ALGOL60 + - elegant, universal, satisfies European sense of clarity & order + - but from US point of view, it was too academic, inflexible, and hard to learn. better in theory than in practice. but this was mostly ‘regular’ people in user groups, academics liked it. + - two issues: make old programs run on new machines, ease of programming + - multiple working groups: IEEE, SHARE, ... + - SHARE & IBM decided not to go with it. IFIR did. + - ACM set it as standard for publication of scientific algorithms +- FORTRAN + - John Backus, researcher from IBM, produced Formula Translator (FORTRAN) in 1953-1954 + - one statement would produce many machine instructions, giving programmer more power and making shit easier + - his main point was economic. half of cost of running computer center was salaries for programmers, and "programmign and debugging accounted for as much as three-quarters of the cost of operating a computer” + - this is why IBM gave him support for developing FORTRAN for the new model 704 + - main aim was efficiency, elegance of language came second. + - used mathematical formula syntax + - trying to make a system that could write programs as well as human programmers could + - it soon became the most widely used programming language, a ‘standard’ for scientific applications + - it spread organically, “by accident”, and universities and colleges eagerly started teaching and using it +- COBOL + - Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL) was created as standard by US government. + - every time the government changed their computers, all programs had to be rewritten, which was expensive and took up time. + - in 1959, the government sponsored Committee on Data Systems and Languages (CODASYL) to create a new standard language for data processing + - syntax was very similar to english, so non-programmers (managers, administrators) could still feel like they can understand the programs + - manufacturers didn’t want to accept it because they liked to be different from others. but then the government decided that it would not lease or buy any new computers without COBOL compilers unless the companies could prove it was useless, and of course nobody did, so everybody started adding COBOL compilers + - COBOL was taught on blackboards +- companies started providing computer services at start of 60s: maintenance, building/tuning, batch processing +- programming started becoming a job, not just spare time hobby +- software started becoming an economic commodity + +## Rise of software industry + +in the 60s, a company couldn’t sustain itself just with software, they also needed maintenance, batch processing, building + +1968 IBM “Unbundling” — software became separate from hardware + +Software crisis as a result: + +- IBM/360 was late af, adding programmers simply couldn’t scale it up +- “Hardware developed faster than software developers” is an EU/US agenda, academic, theoretical. +- “Nobody knew ho to write proper code” (important in NL, Dijkstra tried to solve this) +- there is also the “there wasn’t a crisis” POV +- agenda was set by academics +- programmer became a profession, informatics a science+ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 5.html b/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 5.html @@ -1,3 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> -<html><head><link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/><meta name="exporter-version" content="Evernote Mac 7.9 (457563)"/><meta name="created" content="2018-05-01 08:05:54 +0000"/><meta name="source" content="desktop.mac"/><meta name="updated" content="2018-05-30 18:28:59 +0000"/><title>Lecture 5</title></head><body><div>Silicon Valley</div><ul><li><div>computer part of democratic movement, time sharing facilities</div></li><li><div>developments in electro, like wristwatches</div></li><li><div>Whole Earth Catalog, 2001 A Space Odyssey</div></li><li><div>Ted Nelson’s Computer Lib (“understand computers now” mantra)</div></li><li><div>dream machines, people started <span style="font-style: italic;">wanting </span>computers</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>EU valleys</div><ul><li><div>academics & high tech companies have time sharing facilities</div></li><li><div>utopian city planning (e.g. Sophia-Antipolis) didn’t work much</div></li><li><div>Twente polytechnic in Enschede — “let’s have a valley of our own"</div></li><li><div>but no interest from youth Hippie movement, not like in the US where they wanted to take computers from the government and into their own hands</div></li><li><div>the thing is, in the US it just emerged, in the EU they were trying to force it</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>Appropriating computers</div><ul><li><div>Altair 8800 was the machine that everyone wanted, it was simple with lights as output</div></li><li><div>Homebrew computer club in the US (1975), exchanged information and programs, shared computer time</div></li><li><div>no academic setting for Information Science in NL</div></li><li><div>others used computers for: mining, railroad, tax office, bank, insurance</div></li><li><div>Hobby Computer Club, 1977, NL</div></li><ul><li><div>activities for members, shared knowledge and software</div></li><li><div>did not want to pay for software, hacked and produced their own</div></li><li><div>programs in newsletters, radio broadcasting</div></li><li><div>no political agenda, but identity</div></li><li><div>you had to know your shit to join</div></li><li><div>Commodore 64, Sinclair ZX Spectrum (1982)</div></li></ul><li><div>VisiCalc, Teleac TV for programming courses, SSAA study group for automating administration</div></li><li><div>Squatter movement, 1980s</div></li><ul><li><div>started in Paris, Berlin, Amsterdam</div></li><li><div>politically active</div></li><li><div>taking from American hippie movement</div></li></ul></ul><ul><li><div>computers in education — curriculum psychology, educational process</div></li><ul><li><div>two problems: how to educate such a high amount, how to make them think</div></li><li><div>academics wanted to teach students how to program</div></li><li><div>binary arithmetic, flowcharts</div></li><li><div>programming École, BASIC</div></li><li><div>learning to do exercises vs learning to think</div></li><li><div>Skinner machine</div></li><li><div>programmed instruction (non-linear book, custom pace, immediate feedback on answers)</div></li><li><div>influenced the philosophy around learning</div></li></ul></ul><div><br/></div></body></html>- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 5.md b/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 5.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ ++++ +title = "Lecture 5" ++++ +# Lecture 5 + +Silicon Valley + +- computer part of democratic movement, time sharing facilities +- developments in electro, like wristwatches +- Whole Earth Catalog, 2001 A Space Odyssey +- Ted Nelson’s Computer Lib (“understand computers now” mantra) +- dream machines, people started *wanting *computers + +EU valleys + +- academics & high tech companies have time sharing facilities +- utopian city planning (e.g. Sophia-Antipolis) didn’t work much +- Twente polytechnic in Enschede — “let’s have a valley of our own" +- but no interest from youth Hippie movement, not like in the US where they wanted to take computers from the government and into their own hands +- the thing is, in the US it just emerged, in the EU they were trying to force it + +Appropriating computers + +- Altair 8800 was the machine that everyone wanted, it was simple with lights as output +- Homebrew computer club in the US (1975), exchanged information and programs, shared computer time +- no academic setting for Information Science in NL +- others used computers for: mining, railroad, tax office, bank, insurance +- Hobby Computer Club, 1977, NL + - activities for members, shared knowledge and software + - did not want to pay for software, hacked and produced their own + - programs in newsletters, radio broadcasting + - no political agenda, but identity + - you had to know your shit to join + - Commodore 64, Sinclair ZX Spectrum (1982) +- VisiCalc, Teleac TV for programming courses, SSAA study group for automating administration +- Squatter movement, 1980s + - started in Paris, Berlin, Amsterdam + - politically active + - taking from American hippie movement +- computers in education — curriculum psychology, educational process + - two problems: how to educate such a high amount, how to make them think + - academics wanted to teach students how to program + - binary arithmetic, flowcharts + - programming École, BASIC + - learning to do exercises vs learning to think + - Skinner machine + - programmed instruction (non-linear book, custom pace, immediate feedback on answers) + - influenced the philosophy around learning+ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 6.html b/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 6.html @@ -1,3 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> -<html><head><link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/><meta name="exporter-version" content="Evernote Mac 7.9 (457563)"/><meta name="altitude" content="278"/><meta name="author" content="Alex Balgavy"/><meta name="created" content="2018-05-12 17:53:25 +0000"/><meta name="latitude" content="50.11341383621586"/><meta name="longitude" content="14.33734557420951"/><meta name="source" content="desktop.mac"/><meta name="updated" content="2018-05-30 18:59:56 +0000"/><title>Lecture 6</title></head><body><div>Chaos Computer Club (1982) — activism</div><ul><li><div>hacking to make political statement</div></li><li><div>positive meaning at the time, when they hacked a bank they were hailed as heroes by the people</div></li><li><div>but they also had their own agenda</div></li><li><div>by 1988 hacking was criminalised, and Wernéry was arrested for computer crime.</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>Demoscenes in 1980s</div><ul><li><div>were European phenomenon — magazines distributed on floppy disks</div></li><li><div>underground, digital journalism and art subculture</div></li><li><div>stories, pictures, etc.</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>personal computers</div><ul><li><div>netherlands — governments were trying to teach people how to use it</div></li><li><div>from 1986, government made computer education for future gainz</div></li><li><div>by 1980s, 30% owned a pc. by 1995, 60% did.</div></li><li><div>real support by the governments</div></li><li><div>1993 — hacking at the end of the universe conference.</div></li><li><div>1994 — de digitale stad (digital city). not only hacktivists, but also civilians learned about it, and all modems were sold out in 3 days.</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Rise of Internet</span></div><div>"confluence of 3 desires”</div><div>government and France Telecom offered the Minitel computer. one of the largest consumer networks, larger than most American stuff</div><div>netherlands — Viditel (1980), Dutch version of Minitel. was not as popular because the gov didn’t fund it as much</div><div>electronic mail (1981) was one of the biggest uses in America, not as much in Europe. still, companies/unis/gov used it.</div><div><br/></div><div>in the US, it’s big networks owned by companies. in EU, every country had its own network, owned by governments.</div><div><br/></div><div>Rise of gaming:</div><ul><li><div>playing was used during the years as a way of appropriating</div></li><li><div>Chess by Alan Turing, Nimbus, Spacewar!, Pong</div></li><li><div>Pacman was the turning point, started selling computers and making more money</div></li><li><div>that’s when people realised this could be a business</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Rise of computer science & information science as academic discipline</span></div><div>In the US, they started as a group.</div><div>in France, mainly from social sciences or engineering schools</div><div>First NL Bachelor program was in 1981, you have a masters since graduation in 1973</div><div>Bachelor in Information Science was first at Tilburg Catholic School (home of SSAA) — sign of professionalisation</div><div><br/></div><div>Eventually, the three traditions split into various courses (approximately):</div><ul><li><div>Administration => IMM</div></li><li><div>Process Control => LI</div></li><li><div>Science => CS</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Paradigm shifts:</span></div><ul><li><div>content-oriented —> service-oriented</div></li><li><div>local —> “global”</div></li><li><div>pc as tool —> pc as gateway to internet</div></li></ul><div>info society => knowledge society</div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Esther Dyson</span></div><ul><li><div>studied econ at Harvard, wealthy parents</div></li><li><div>both parents studied exact sciences</div></li><li><div>did good investments</div></li><li><div>CEOs valued her observations in her newsletter “Release” and Release 2.1 about digital culture</div></li></ul><div><br/></div></body></html>- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 6.md b/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 6.md @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ ++++ +title = "Lecture 6" ++++ +# Lecture 6 + +Chaos Computer Club (1982) — activism + +- hacking to make political statement +- positive meaning at the time, when they hacked a bank they were hailed as heroes by the people +- but they also had their own agenda +- by 1988 hacking was criminalised, and Wernéry was arrested for computer crime. + +Demoscenes in 1980s + +- were European phenomenon — magazines distributed on floppy disks +- underground, digital journalism and art subculture +- stories, pictures, etc. + +personal computers + +- netherlands — governments were trying to teach people how to use it +- from 1986, government made computer education for future gainz +- by 1980s, 30% owned a pc. by 1995, 60% did. +- real support by the governments +- 1993 — hacking at the end of the universe conference. +- 1994 — de digitale stad (digital city). not only hacktivists, but also civilians learned about it, and all modems were sold out in 3 days. + +## Rise of Internet +"confluence of 3 desires” + +government and France Telecom offered the Minitel computer. one of the largest consumer networks, larger than most American stuff + +netherlands — Viditel (1980), Dutch version of Minitel. was not as popular because the gov didn’t fund it as much + +electronic mail (1981) was one of the biggest uses in America, not as much in Europe. still, companies/unis/gov used it. + +in the US, it’s big networks owned by companies. in EU, every country had its own network, owned by governments. + +Rise of gaming: + +- playing was used during the years as a way of appropriating +- Chess by Alan Turing, Nimbus, Spacewar!, Pong +- Pacman was the turning point, started selling computers and making more money +- that’s when people realised this could be a business + +## Rise of computer science & information science as academic discipline +In the US, they started as a group. +in France, mainly from social sciences or engineering schools + +First NL Bachelor program was in 1981, you have a masters since graduation in 1973 + +Bachelor in Information Science was first at Tilburg Catholic School (home of SSAA) — sign of professionalisation + +Eventually, the three traditions split into various courses (approximately): + +- Administration => IMM +- Process Control => LI +- Science => CS + +### Paradigm shifts: + +- content-oriented —> service-oriented +- local —> “global” +- pc as tool —> pc as gateway to internet + +info society => knowledge society + +### Esther Dyson + +- studied econ at Harvard, wealthy parents +- both parents studied exact sciences +- did good investments +- CEOs valued her observations in her newsletter “Release” and Release 2.1 about digital culture+ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 7.html b/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 7.html @@ -1,3 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> -<html><head><link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/><meta name="exporter-version" content="Evernote Mac 7.9 (457563)"/><meta name="altitude" content="-0.875842809677124"/><meta name="author" content="Alex Balgavy"/><meta name="created" content="2018-05-16 21:18:52 +0000"/><meta name="latitude" content="52.37360616493638"/><meta name="longitude" content="4.836396565792684"/><meta name="source" content="desktop.mac"/><meta name="updated" content="2018-05-30 19:05:08 +0000"/><title>Lecture 7</title></head><body><div><b>Digital culture</b></div><div>originally, there was an information society. shifts towards a knowledge society.</div><div>in 1980s, online library catalogues started popping up</div><div>desktop publishing: you can use a text editor to publish whatever you want without having to go through publisher, printing, and whatever else</div><div>digital art</div><div>Derksen and online meetings</div><div><br/></div><div>knowledge society in the 1990s: people who know how to use net, they could be smart and get away</div><div>changed movies with motion graphics — Jurassic Park, The Matrix. couldn’t exist without a computer</div><div><br/></div><div>Risk society in at the end of the 1990s</div><ul><li><div>politicised (even more so after 9/11)</div></li><li><div>rise of big data, risks coming with it, new thoughts about privacy</div></li><li><div>have to assess what’s happening and how we might control what goes wrong</div></li><li><div>Project X where you post about a party in a little village and half the world turns up</div></li></ul><div><br/></div><div>Saskia Stuiveling</div><ul><li><div>president of Dutch Court of audit</div></li><li><div>transparency in spending of gov money & NGO budgets, open data</div></li><li><div>focused a lot on openness and spendin</div></li></ul><div><br/></div></body></html>- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 7.md b/content/history-science-notes/Lecture 7.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ ++++ +title = "Lecture 7" ++++ +# Lecture 7 + +## Digital culture + +originally, there was an information society. shifts towards a knowledge society. + +in 1980s, online library catalogues started popping up + +desktop publishing: you can use a text editor to publish whatever you want without having to go through publisher, printing, and whatever else + +digital art +Derksen and online meetings + +knowledge society in the 1990s: people who know how to use net, they could be smart and get away + +changed movies with motion graphics — Jurassic Park, The Matrix. couldn’t exist without a computer + +Risk society in at the end of the 1990s + +- politicised (even more so after 9/11) +- rise of big data, risks coming with it, new thoughts about privacy +- have to assess what’s happening and how we might control what goes wrong +- Project X where you post about a party in a little village and half the world turns up + +Saskia Stuiveling + +- president of Dutch Court of audit +- transparency in spending of gov money & NGO budgets, open data +- focused a lot on openness and spendin+ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/history-science-notes/_index.md b/content/history-science-notes/_index.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ ++++ +title = "TOC: History of Science" ++++ +# TOC: History of Science + +[Key concepts summary](key-concepts-summary) + +Overall notes: + +1. [Lecture 1](lecture-1-prehistory-of-computing) + +2. [Lecture 2](lecture-2) + +3. [Lecture 3](lecture-3) + +4. [Lecture 4](lecture-4) + +5. [Lecture 5](lecture-5) + +6. [Lecture 6](lecture-6) + +7. [Lecture 7](lecture-7)+ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/history-science-notes/index.html b/content/history-science-notes/index.html @@ -1,54 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> -<head> -<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" /> -<meta name="generator" content= -"HTML Tidy for HTML5 for Apple macOS version 5.6.0" /> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= -"text/html; charset=utf-8" /> -<meta name="exporter-version" content= -"Evernote Mac 7.9 (457563)" /> -<meta name="altitude" content="-1.003828883171082" /> -<meta name="author" content="Alex Balgavy" /> -<meta name="created" content="2018-05-29 21:02:40 +0000" /> -<meta name="latitude" content="52.37359219866811" /> -<meta name="longitude" content="4.836331487320317" /> -<meta name="source" content="desktop.mac" /> -<meta name="updated" content="2018-05-30 22:08:31 +0000" /> -<title>History of Science</title> -</head> -<body> - <h1>History of Science</h1> - <h3 class="name">Alex Balgavy</h3> -<div><a href="Key%20concepts%20summary.html">Key concepts -summary</a></div> -<div><br /></div> -<div>Overall notes:</div> -<ol> -<li> -<div><a href="Lecture%201.html">Lecture 1</a></div> -</li> -<li> -<div><a href="Lecture%202.html">Lecture 2</a></div> -</li> -<li> -<div><a href="Lecture%203.html">Lecture 3</a></div> -</li> -<li> -<div><a href="Lecture%204.html">Lecture 4</a></div> -</li> -<li> -<div><a href="Lecture%205.html">Lecture 5</a></div> -</li> -<li> -<div><a href="Lecture%206.html">Lecture 6</a></div> -</li> -<li> -<div><a href="Lecture%207.html">Lecture 7</a></div> -</li> -</ol> -<div><br /></div> -</body> -</html> diff --git a/content/history-science-notes/style.css b/content/history-science-notes/style.css @@ -1,38 +0,0 @@ -@charset 'UTF-8'; -@font-face{font-family:'FontAwesome';src:url('font/fontawesome-webfont.eot?v=4.0.1');src:url('font/fontawesome-webfont.eot?#iefix&v=4.0.1') format('embedded-opentype'),url('font/fontawesome-webfont.woff?v=4.0.1') format('woff'),url('font/fontawesome-webfont.ttf?v=4.0.1') format('truetype'),url('font/fontawesome-webfont.svg?v=4.0.1#fontawesomeregular') format('svg');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal} - -body { - margin: 0px; - padding: 1em; - background: #f3f2ed; - font-family: 'Lato', sans-serif; - font-size: 12pt; - font-weight: 300; - color: #8A8A8A; - padding-left: 50px; -} -h1 { - margin: 0px; - padding: 0px; - font-weight: 300; - text-align: center; -} -ul.toc li { - margin: 8px 0; -} -h3.name { - font-style: italic; - text-align: center; - font-weight: 300; - font-size: 20px; -} -a { - color: #D1551F; - } -a:hover { - color: #AF440F; -} - strong { - font-weight: 700; - color: #2A2A2A; - }