Key concepts summary.md (3517B)
1 +++ 2 title = "Key concepts summary" 3 +++ 4 # Key concepts summary 5 6 Prehistory: 7 8 - Babbage, Fayol & Taylor 9 - Trust 10 - Three traditions — administration, process control, science 11 12 Cold War feel: 13 14 - US — gains from WW2 Manhattan project, ENIAC, NASA, Atomic power 15 - EU — fatalism & optimism, rebuilding, Mathematisch Centrum (research center), Freudenthal “Rekenmachines" 16 17 Dinosaurs: 18 19 - US — Manchester Baby, EDSAC 20 - EU — scientific, ARRA series and X1, PETER (overall Amsterdam, Delft, Eindhoven) 21 22 Golden Age of Sci-Fi: 23 24 - advertising computers to people 25 - themes of totalitarianism, nationalism, surveillance, censorship 26 - literature — Asimov, Huxley, Orwell, Heinlein, Clarke, Dick 27 - films — Metropolis, Desk Set, Forbidden Planet 28 29 Computing sounds: 30 31 - relays leading to sounds for debugging 32 - Strachey & EDSAC - God Save The Queen 33 - creating music with computers 34 35 Language changes, metaphor: 36 37 - language — “programming”, “plugging”, “memory" 38 39 IBM “Big Blue” vs everyone: 40 41 - Seven Dwarves in US: Burroughs, Honeywell, Control Data Corporation, General Electric 42 - European Dwarves: Zuse (GER), Electrologica (NL), Regnecentralen (Denmark) 43 - sales tactic of FUD, IBM had more resources 44 45 Real time computing: 46 47 - Whirlwind/SAGE — flight simulator by Jay Forrester, then IBM and Burroughs, eventually used for regulating plane traffic 48 - cashless society ideal — Barclays cash dispenser, credit cards, ‘universal’ product code (US vs Europe) 49 - decimal day — Barclays & Burroughs (not IBM cuz not British), build B8500 connecting to TC500, sold before built, lots of problems and eventually IBM 50 51 Programming: 52 53 - ALGOL60 vs FORTRAN vs COBOL 54 - programming becoming a job 55 - software becoming economic commodity 56 - 1968 IBM Unbundling, result of software crisis (or was there one?) 57 58 Silicon Valley: 59 60 - time sharing facilities, democratic movement, developments in hardware (wristwatches) 61 - Whole Earth Catalog, 2001 62 - Ted Nelson’s Computer Lib (“understand computers now”) 63 - people started wanting computers 64 - Homebrew Computer Club 65 66 EU valleys: 67 68 - no interest from youth Hippies, too forced 69 - Twente polytechnic (Enschede) tried 70 - utopian city planning 71 - Hobby Computer Club 72 73 Appropriation: 74 75 - VisiCalc, Teleac, SSAA 76 - Squatter movement, Chaos Computer Club (activism, political statement) 77 - computers in education — educating large amount, making them think, flowcharts, Ecole/BASIC, programmed instruction 78 - EU demoscenes — magazines, underground journalism, stories, pictures 79 - personal computers, support from governments in EU, de digitale stad 80 81 Rise of internet: 82 83 - confluence of 3 desires — good networking technology, unifying all computers on network, making knowledge available 84 - US company networks (AOL, CompuServe), EU government networks (minitel, viditel), email 85 - gaming — pacman turned it into a business 86 87 Rise of academic disciplines: 88 89 - Administration => IMM, Process Control => LI, Science => CS 90 - EU vs US 91 92 Paradigm shifts: 93 94 - content to service-oriented 95 - local to ‘global' 96 - pc as a tool => pc as gateway to internet (knowledge) 97 - therefore, info to knowledge society 98 99 Digital culture 100 101 - Esther Dyson & “Release”, her observations on digital culture 102 - online library catalogues, desktop publishing, art, online meetings 103 - motion graphics in movies, changing everything 104 - eventually developed into risk society, big data, privacy (Project X), controlling what goes wrong 105 - Saskia Stuiveling — focused on openness, president o fDutch Court of audit